Suspension & axle systems (air suspension, leaf, lift axles — SAF / BPW)

• Source / publisher: BPW Bergische Achsen KG (bpw.de) and SAF-HOLLAND (safholland.com)
• Type: manual (maintenance instructions)
• Topics: trailer axle lubrication intervals, drum vs disc brake service, ECO Air / ECO Air COMPACT / SL / AL air-suspension series, mechanical leaf-spring series, steering & self-steering axles, visual-inspection schedules, warranty-linked maintenance regimes
• Vehicle scope: trailer (axle/suspension); concepts apply to truck
• Region: global (EU axle-makers; widely fitted in SA fleets)
• Language: en (+de and other markets)
• Link: BPW Maintenance Instructions Trailer Axles & Suspensions 2024 (BPW-W 33112402e): bpw.de ; SAF-HOLLAND Maintenance & Repair Manual — disc-brake axles (SH-04): safholland.com
• License/access: public download, manufacturer copyright
• Notes: BPW doc is unusually complete — on-road/off-road duty splits, lubrication tables, brake-specific sections.